Allusion in Romeo and Juliet

Shakespeare utilizes suggestion in the play Romeo and Juliet to strengthen the subjects of youthful love and youth being reckless. All through the play Shakespeare utilizes implication to fortify these subjects by placing in fantasies that have disastrous finishes a lot of like the finish of the play. One legend that Shakespeare utilizes in the play ordinarily is Cupid and Psyche. Cupid is the Roman divine force of affection. The fantasy of Cupid is that there was a lord that had three little girls and every one of them was excellent however not as a significant part of the most youthful Psyche.She was delightful to the point that she left the special raised areas of Venus, Cupid’s mother, abandoned. Venus at that point conveyed Cupid to rebuff Psyche for diverting all the men from her and make her go gaga for a terrible man. Rather, when Cupid sees Psyche he shoots himself with the bolt and begins to look all starry eyed at her. Mind is never permitted to see Cupid yet they w ed. One day her sisters revealed to Psyche that Cupid was really a snake and advises her to sneak a look. At the point when she does this she understands that Cupid is really excellent and Cupid leaves and says he will never observe her again.After this Psyche asks for Venus to let her see Cupid again and Venus makes her do practically unimaginable errands yet succeeds them. After this Cupid requests that Zeus give her everlasting status so she won't divert mortal men from Venus. The legendary reference of Cupid and mind alludes to all consuming, instant adoration among Romeo and Juliet. Cupid has the ability to make anybody hit with his bolt to cherish the following individual they see. Romeo and Juliet feel that they were both penetrated by Cupid’s bolt when they met. This inference alludes to the subject, love from the start sight.This topic is found in the book as a ground-breaking topic in light of the fact that throughout seven days Romeo and Juliet make a monstrous lov e for one another that can't be coordinated. That is the way this suggestion drives the topic of the play. Another fantasy that Shakespeare utilizes in the play is that of Phoebus and Phaeton. The fantasy of Phoebus and Phaeton is that a little youngster who was the child of Phoebus figured he could do anything and was restless. One day the youngsters at his school ridiculed him and revealed to him he couldn’t do everything.He returned home to his mom and inquired as to whether he could do everything and she said yes since he was the child of the sun god Phoebus. She at that point advised Phaeton to go inquire as to whether he could do everything. He went to him and inquired as to whether he could do everything. Phoebus at that point guaranteed him to let him do anything he needed to attempt. Phaeton said he needed to drive the chariot of the sun for one day. Phoebus at that point attempts to get Phaeton to have a go at something different yet he cannot. He at that point proc eeds to state he will drive the chariot.Immediately in the wake of getting into the chariot Phaeton loses control of the ponies since they realized it was not their lord and did what they satisfied. Sooner or later of the ponies unleashing devastation on the earth, Zeus struck down Phaeton and executed him and the ponies quickly halted. The mention to Phaeton and Phoebus helps drive the topic that adolescent is reckless. The motivation behind why this mention bolsters one of the topics of the book is on the grounds that in the play Romeo and Juliet both never contemplated what they were going to proceed with and how it may influence their lives.In the fantasy Phaeton never understands that his dad might be directly in not letting him ride the chariot since it is very risky to somebody with no experience. The entirety of the characters in the story that were hasty had early ends due to there impulsivity and having no respect of the repercussions of what may befall them. Hastiness lik ewise prompted the end of Tybalt and Mercutio in the play by them not thinking about the threats on the off chance that they battled. Those are the reasons why the inference drives the subject of the play.Another mention that Shakespeare utilizes in the play is the legend of Echo and Narcissus. The fantasy of Echo is that she is a fairy who wants to talk and is continually talking and consistently needs to get the final say regarding. One day Hera does magic on her with the goal that she can just get the final word and says precisely what the individual said and can never be the first. In one legend Echo meets Narcissus whom she becomes hopelessly enamored with from the start sight. Narcissus has a spell on him wherein he can't adore anybody however himself. Reverberation attempts to reach him yet just pesters him since she rehashes all that he says.When one of the sprites appeals to the avenging goddess to let Narcissus feel what it’s like to have friendship yet not have it returned. At the point when he goes to drink water he sees his appearance and never leaves it since it is excessively wonderful. Subsequent to looking at it for quite a while he passes on. After he passes on Echo goes into a cavern until she bites the dust. The implication to Echo and Narcissus drive the subject of unexplainable adoration. The motivation behind why that topic is bolstered by the fantasy is on the grounds that when Echo saw Narcissus she adored him. In the event that Narcissus wasn’t so enamored with himself he may have cherished her back.But at long last Echo and Narcissus both passed on for an adoration that wouldn’t occur and was reviled from the beginning. In Romeo and Juliet this is seen on the grounds that Romeo and Juliet both cherished one another yet there affection was spurned due to there various families and imperfections in there characters. Juliet additionally says that in the event that Romeo wouldn't like to have her adoration, at that p oint she will go into a cavern and bite the dust there as Echo did. Another reference that Shakespeare utilizes in the play is the one of Aurora, the goddess of first light. The legend of Aurora is that she experiences passionate feelings for the child of the lord of Troy.She requests that Zeus award him physical everlasting status in which he would live perpetually yet he would even now age. After he had lived far passed that of a typical human ought to have he lost the ability to utilize his appendages. After he turned out to be incredibly feeble Aurora transformed him into a grasshopper. The fantasy of Aurora helps drive the subject of all consuming, instant adoration since she experienced passionate feelings for Tithonus and consistently cherished him in any event, when he was a grasshopper and an elderly person. In the play Romeo didn't get up on the grounds that Rosaline had dismissed him and he didn’t need to leave his room and he attempted to make night in the daytime since he was depressed.After he met Juliet Romeo turned out to be incredibly upbeat and this shows the topic of youth being rash additionally on the grounds that he got over Rosaline so rapidly. That is the manner by which the inference helps drive the topics from the book. When last implication that Shakespeare in the play is the fantasy of Hermes. The fantasy of Hermes is about a detachment who was conceived by Jupiter and a human lady. He proceeds to take steers from the sun god Apollo guilefully. Apollo enlightens Zeus regarding this and afterward Hermes needs to give them back. Apollo later proceeds to pardon him and Hermes makes a lyre for him.After he grows up he is allocated to lead dead spirits into the black market. He was likewise elevated to watch Apollo’s groups when he was more youthful. This inference bolsters the topic youth is rash in light of the fact that in the play to show that Romeo needs to get the message to Juliet quick that he needs her adoration. H ermes the winged flag-bearer could do it and get the message to Juliet quicker than anybody. Romeo likewise utilizes it as an approach to show that Hermes is conveying a message to him from paradise that he ought to be with Juliet. Those are the implications that help drive the subject of the play.

Child by Tiger Essay Example for Free

Kid by Tiger Essay In Tomas Wolfe’s â€Å"The Child by Tiger,† Dick Prosser, an abused dark man living in the South, represents blamelessness and evilness. Despite the fact that Dick shows up as an amazingly strict and deferential man in white society, he progressively permits evilness to expend him, making Dick leave on a slaughtering binge. While fitting in with the dark job, Dick endeavors to increase a positive notoriety through approaching the kids with deference. He calls them by a â€Å"formal address †‘Mr.’ Crane, ‘Mr.’ Potterham, ‘Mr. ’ Spangler, ‘Cap’n’ Shepperton.† He shows the young men how to play football and how to box with the goal that he can carry on with a superior life. Through his tasks, Dick continually ends up being a conscious specialist. He would in any event, sing hymn books as he goes â€Å"about his work around the house.† Dick keeps his room â€Å"spotless as a sleeping shelter room† with just his Bible on his little table. Despite the fact that he is a savvy man, others still just consider him to be the â€Å"smartest darky.† On Sundays during community gathering, Dick would stand â€Å"neatly wearing his great dim suit† and would â€Å"humbly† tune in to the â€Å"entire sermon.† Although Dick isn't permitted in the white church, he remains at the â€Å"side door† and perceives the natural refrains from his â€Å"old Bible,† which is â€Å"worn out by steady use.† Following quite a while of abuse, Dick at long last concluded that he had enough. The day that Lon Everett, a white intoxicated man, â€Å"skidded murdously† and â€Å"sideswiped† Dick was exactly the same day that his â€Å"eyes went red.† Dick continues to keep an eye on his lord after the accident. Everett then â€Å"smashed him in the face† while Dick’s hands â€Å"twitched slightly† next to him. Once Everett punched Dick for the subsequent time, blood comes â€Å"trickling† down his face. Dick moved quickly down the road â€Å"shooting from the hip† slaughtering the two blacks and white whether they were blameworthy or honest. One â€Å"old Negro man stuck out† his head and is shot decisively. Another â€Å"kindly,† â€Å"devoted,† â€Å"pleasant colorful confronted man† is killed too. Dick considers whites to be the foe just as the blacks who do nothing to change the course of history. As Dick gives up calmly, he is â€Å"filled with bullets† by the â€Å"posse.† The men shot him some more and afterward took his â€Å"lifeless body† and â€Å"hung him to a tree† where they splashed him with more slugs until he was a â€Å"riddled carcass.† He is taken back to town to be hung in a window like a creature as a notice to different blacks. Living as an abused dark man in the South, Dick Prosser represents both the great and malevolence in everybody through his great deeds and his sloped murdering binge. Despite the fact that Dick obviously had the capacity to retaliate, he was kept down by the white society since he had no rights.

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay We compare and contrast things all the time. Do we want this camera or that one? Should we get a dog or a cat (or maybe both)? Do we want to major in English or Biochemistry? Do we want pizza or tacos for dinner? You get the idea.When your teacher assigns you a compare and contrast essay, essentially what he or she wants you to learn is how to be presented with two different ideas, to evaluate them, and to determine what they have in common, what they dont have in common, and how the ideas work together (or dont). Being able to compare two different ideas and to evaluate them in a research-based way will serve you well in the future because we tend to compare stuff a lot in everyday life.Although the style and structure of a compare and contrast essay is a bit different from your standard research paper or argumentative essay, it still uses the same concepts for a common goal: to organize your thoughts and research onto the page in a way that the reader will understand and, hopefully , to provide some new insight.The structure of the paper will be somewhat the same as a typical essay. For example, you will still need to have a thesis statement, but your body paragraphs will be just a little different from, say, an expository essay. Because youre looking at two different subjects and how they are different (or similar), you will need to use an organizational structure to effectively compare and contrast. There are two ways to do this: You can use either the block method (which means that you are writing subject by subject in the paragraphs) or the point by point method (which means that the paragraphs will be organized around different points youre trying to make about the two different subjects).Last, you will still need a conclusion. The conclusion will still be a summary of your main subjects, but the conclusion will be an evaluation of what we learned by examining these two different subjects. Which is better? Which is worse? Why did we even compare these two things?Now that we know what components are in a compare and contrast essay, lets see how this might work in both the block method and the point by point method by looking at some sample outlines.The block methodIn a compare and contrast essay, the block method is one where you discuss everything about one topic at a time. This method might be preferable if you have a really in-depth discussion of a subject and you think it might be too confusing for the reader to keep going back and forth between the two subjects.For example, lets say that you are writing a paper on the differences between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Heres what that might look like using the block method.IntroductionA brief introduction to the topic When you are thinking about making a trip to California, you may be torn between visiting Los Angeles or San Francisco. They may both be large cities in California, but they couldnt have more different vibes or different types of activities to do while youre visitin g.Your thesis statement While Los Angeles certainly has a lot to offer, San Francisco has an old-world charm that cant be replicated and should be the choice of travelers considering a visit to the Golden State.Body paragraphsTopic sentence about Subject A From picture-perfect scenery like the Golden Gate Bridge to historic districts like Haight Ashbury to fun activities like the California Academy of Sciences, its unlikely that youll ever have a dull moment in San Francisco.Claim 1 about Subject A Here we would say something about how beautiful San Francisco is and how there are several opportunities for outdoor activities, and then mention how nothing can really top seeing the Golden Gate Bridge in person.Claim 2 about Subject A On this claim, we would probably write in-depth about the history of San Francisco and how districts like Haight Ashbury have a true significance in not just California, but the whole country.Claim 3 about Subject A On this final claim for Subject A, we wo uld write about how fun San Francisco is. We would mention the California Academy of Sciences and how its basically several museums rolled into one. We would also probably mention Musée Mécanique, which is located right in the heart of Fishermans Wharf and is filled with early 20th century coin-operated games. At the end of claim 3, we would also want to have a transition sentence so that it doesnt look awkward when we immediately start talking about Los Angeles in the Subject B paragraph(s).Topic sentence about Subject B Los Angeles has plenty to do in entertainment and has many wonderful restaurants, but it just doesnt have the same charm as San Francisco and it is much more difficult to get around.Claim 1 about Subject B On this first claim about Subject B, we would probably list all of the merits of visiting Los Angeles. We would mention all of the theme parks like Universal Studios, Disneyland, and the Santa Monica Pier. We would mention how Los Angeles is typically warm and sunny, which makes it fun to go to the beach there during the summers. We would also mention Los Angeles fabulous restaurants in Koreatown and in Venice Beach.Claim 2 about Subject B On this second claim about Subject B, we would talk about how many visitors want to visit Hollywood when theyre in Los Angeles, but often they dont realize how difficult it is to park there and how its grittier than what you would expect.Claim 3 about Subject B On this last claim about Subject B, we would discuss just how difficult it is to get around Los Angeles. Though public transportation is available, it still has a long way to go and its almost a necessity to rent a car when youre in town. Plus, the traffic can get pretty bad on the 405. At the end of claim 3, we would want to put a transition sentence so that we can get into the comparison paragraph without its sounding too weird.Topic sentence that connects Subject A and Subject B Although clearly both San Francisco and Los Angeles have their me rits for visiting, if you have to make a choice the answer is clearly San Francisco.What is similar between these two subjects? Here we would probably write something about how both cities are institutions in the state of California and that youll likely have a good time in both places.What is dissimilar? On this point, we would probably write about how Northern California and Southern California have two completely different vibes and that, ultimately, San Francisco has more cultural, historical, and fun things to do than Los Angeles does.ConclusionWhat conclusions can we draw from comparing these two subjects? Here we would say something about why its important to make sure you carefully consider where you want to go on vacation, and make sure its the right place for you because you want to guarantee a fun time if youll be paying money to visit somewhere. Clearly San Francisco would be the better end of the deal because we would have so much fun stuff to do without all the stress of driving everywhere. We would have more time to explore the city.Any further research required or suggested for the future? Here we might say something about how you should always compare places when you are thinking about going on vacation.Is there a third thing that we should be comparing these two subjects to? We could briefly mention how there are a lot of other fun cities to go to in California like San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, etc.The point by point methodThe point by point method of writing a compare and contrast essay is a way to discuss the contrasting differences between your two points throughout your paper. This keeps the comparison fresh in the readers mind, which might be preferable with some subjects over others.Lets see what that might look like using our San Francisco vs. Los Angeles topic.IntroductionA brief introduction to the topic (This would be similar to the block method.) When you are thinking about making a trip to California, you may be torn betwee n visiting Los Angeles or San Francisco. They may both be large cities in California, but they couldnt have more different vibes or different types of activities to do while youre visiting.Your thesis statement (This also would be similar to the block method.) While Los Angeles certainly has a lot to offer, San Francisco has an old-world charm that cant be replicated, and it should be the choice of travelers who are considering a visit to the Golden State.Body paragraphsFirst Difference between Subject A and Subject B When thinking about taking a vacation to California, its important to think about what kind of transportation youll need.Detail 1 Here we would say something about how San Francisco has much more public transportation than Los Angeles does.Detail 2 Here we would mention how bad the traffic is in Los Angeles and how you can avoid that in San Francisco because of more walkability there.Second Difference between Subject A and Subject B San Francisco generally has more cha rm than Los Angeles.Detail 1 Here we would write in-depth about the history of San Francisco and how districts like Haight Ashbury have a true significance in not just California, but the whole country.Detail 2 Here we would talk about how many tourists want to visit Hollywood when theyre in Los Angeles, but often they dont realize how difficult it is to park there and how its grittier than what you would expect.Third Difference between Subject A and Subject B There are more fun things to do within a smaller area in San Francisco.Detail 1 We would write about how many fun things there are to do in San Francisco. We would mention the California Academy of Sciences and how its basically several museums rolled into one. We would also probably mention Musée Mécanique, which is located right in the heart of Fishermans Wharf and is filled with early 20th century coin-operated games.Detail 2 Here we would list all the fun things to do in Los Angeles like Venice Beach, Universal Studios, and Santa Monica Pier, but talk about how spread out all that is.Conclusion (This would essentially be the same as the block method.)What conclusions can we draw from comparing these two subjects? Here we would say something about why its important to make sure you carefully consider where you want to go on vacation, and make sure its the right place for you because you want to guarantee a fun time if youll be paying money to visit somewhere. Clearly San Francisco would be the better end of the deal because we would get so much fun stuff to do without all the stress of driving everywhere. We would get more time to explore the city.Any further research required or suggested for the future? Here we might say something about how you should always compare places when you are thinking about going on vacation.Is there a third thing that we should be comparing these two subjects to? We could briefly mention how there are a lot of other fun cities to go to in California such as San Diego, S anta Barbara, Monterey, etc.Still have questions?If youre still confused about how you would write a compare and contrast essay, be sure to speak with your teacher for additional instructions and advice. Have you written a compare and contrast essay and are unsure if youre following instructions or if its grammatically correct? Its always important to have someone look over your paper like a parent, tutor, or friend, or to seek out the assistance of a professional editor. Having someone look over your paper will ensure that everything makes sense and can help you with revisions.

Religion and God Essay - 1017 Words

- Theism: Belief in one God. (58) - Atheism: Rejection of belief in God. (56) - Agnosticism: In between to make the decision about the existence or non-existence of God. (54) - Indifference: Does not care about whether God exists or not. (53) - Freedom as compared with commitment: Ironically, the freedom costs the time and effort to find out the options and once you make a decision, you must commit to do it. (1) - The God Question: It is the question on whether God exists or not. The answers to this question set the value of everything, including the ultimate value of your life. Also, it determines what any human life is ultimately worth. (2) - â€Å"Grow more human†: No human being is perfect but improvable. Only human being can screw up†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the death is not a period or end of your life but the comma. To the people who do not believe in God or do not care about the existence of God, the death could be the end period of their entire life. God gave the freedom to choose on whether people believe in Him or not. He is patient until the human beings make the decision. Each of the human beings has options to choose. The choices can change the death into either the end of life or just a comma or a bridge to the next life in heaven. (2) â€Å"Faith as compared with belief†: I agree with the difference between the faith and belief. Since the faith is the calculated risk and belief is what you accept it, the faith requires more actions and commitments than just simply believing something. To have the faith, you have to be ready to take the risk if there is any. It is different than just to believe because it requires the responsibility for your actions. Order to earn what you want, faith in this case, you have to force yourself to make active progress. No one does it for you. It is your responsibility to accept the calculated risks and continue to have greater faith in God. 2) (1) â€Å"Grow more human†: This challenges me because I do know that no human being is perfect and so do I but it is very hard to improve myself every single minute of my life. Order to improve myself to grow more like a perfect human; I have to keep myself on the right and good trackShow MoreRelatedThe Religion Of God And Muhammed960 Words   |  4 PagesMany people in the world believe in something some people believe in god some believes god does not exist at all. Many different religions exist in world My religion is Muslim. I believe in god and Muhammed because that is what my religion teaches. However, I cannot really say that I am practicing my religion truly. My religion requires me to pray for five times a day and I have never done that. In fact, I do not even know how to do that. I am not proud of saying that but this is what I am. I amRead MoreGod, Religion and Plato1293 Words   |  5 Pages Plato brings up a lot of points in his discussions about the philoso phy of God and of religion. Many of these points seem to foreshadow what the Christian faith teaches, ideas such as the highest forms, the cultivating a life for the afterlife, and the immortality of the soul, and the idea of just and unjust med and their rewards. Though some of these ideas need to be changed a bit to fit in with each other, the main idea behind their thoughts seem to be parallel. In the following paragraphs I willRead MoreThe Concept Of God And Religion Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesof God and religion has an attribute of aseity (from Latin a from and se self, plus -ity) refers to the property by which a being exists in and of itself, from itself, or exists as so-and-such of and from itself. God is not dependent either for existence or for characteristics upon any other reality. 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Is â€Å"under God† in the pledge and â€Å"In God We Trust† on U.S. currency necessary? Well, the debate is heating up as religion and atheism/agnosticism clash on the role of religion. Although many believe the opposite, religion and even more so organized religion is no longe r as necessary as it once was, and in many cases it is more harmfulRead MoreReligion And The Existence Of God2546 Words   |  11 PagesReligions are an answer to the reoccurring question of â€Å"Where did we come from?† Humans have had a constant inquisition of the reason for their existence burning in their mind since the beginning of time. It seems logical that in order for something to come into existence it has to start with a beginning, but it is hard for humans to wrap their minds around and label what must have existed before us that prompted the start of our time on earth. Religion started to emerge when humans realized that

Explain How the Social and Economic Changes Affected...

Explain How the Social and Economic Changes Affected Gaucho Life Due to the huge migration to Latin America, foreigners introduced the gauchos to many changes that would have a lasting effect. Two of the main changes felt by the gauchos included social and economic restructuring. One must understand that history about the gauchos can potentially be biased. This is due to the fact that only news that is interesting is reported and only bad news is interesting. This clash of recorded history and actual history causes us to question what actually occurred during this time period. The gauchos lifestyle suffered greatly because of these social and economic changes. New institutions, values and beliefs all aided the transformation†¦show more content†¦Gauchos social lives covered many interesting areas. These traditional acts decreased because of the new laws. Previously, gauchos would roam the pampa, continuously moving onward to unknown destinations. This freedom became restricted with the invention of the fence. The fence also impa cted other areas of the gauchos lives including economically. The fence forced the change from a ranching to farming. The need for ranchers decreased, which put gauchos out of work. These fences also kept animals contained to specific pastures. Before this gauchos would kill roaming horses for fun, cattle for food and skins, and ostrich for feathers. These fences set territories that kept the gaucho from wandering freely. Another change that kept the gaucho from wandering freely involved vagrancy laws. The government targeted to the gaucho and aimed to get rid of them, or at least tame them. Gauchos now had to carry something similar to a travel permit. This again restricted their unique lifestyle. Because the government viewed the gauchos as good fighters, they enlisted many to serve in the military. This impacted their lives socially and economically. Gauchos social lives slowed down enormously because of the military. They had to work continuously. Economically they b enefited because they no longer had to look for ways to support their basic needs. The government took care of making them sustain life.Show MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesKnowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource leveling 7.2 Setting a cost and time baseline schedule

Hrm Evaluation and Hrm Models Free Essays

Introduction The study of HRM evolves from the personnel management since from the industrial revolution age. During that time two types of perspectives are widely prevalent one is Pluralist and the other is Unitarist. There lies a significant difference between the two. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Evaluation and Hrm Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now As per Pluralist a multinational organization basically consists of large no. of subgroups where loyalty lies in each subgroup, whereas as per Unitarist it is a single entity which flourishes in harmony. In pluralist, the two important subgroups are trade union and management, whereas as per Unitarist it is unique. Analoui, 1999) Over the year the same thoughts prevail, but with the emergence of HRM and modern business strategies, many changes occurred in the field of HRM and can be explained with the help of various models. Multinational organizational structure, Multinational organizational strategy and HRM are interrelated. A large no. of models has been derived to discuss this and one such model is the beer Model . This model acts as a map or guide to develop strategy pertaining to relationships among all the employees. It basically concentrates on the soft aspects of HRM. It basically gives importance to the employee commitment rather than control. It is also based on the premise that employees needed to be congruent, cost effective and competent. This model is very successful in explaining various strategies adopted by the multinational organization as reward system leads to better job performance. However it is criticized on the resource based perspective that it disrupts the business focus of the multinational organization and also distorts the cost minimization and the profit maximization. ( Beer (1984)) Significant of HRM and Multinational organizational behavior as per various Models HRM and organizational behavior plays an important role in devising strategy to increase efficiency and effectiveness of the multinational organization. Various models are there which are helping the multinational organization to achieve their goals. The various problem faced by a multinational organization during following phases are given below. Scholars of HR suggested various models which is widely used by multinational companies as given in the following sections:- Problem to select right candidates during recruitment can be better explained by self efficacy model. ? LMX Model to define relationship between Manager and subordinates ? Job Characteristics Model to solve the problem of the characteristic of ideal job ? Goal Setting Model to prepare performance appraisal. Self Efficacy Model The term self-efficacy is used to describe an individual’s perception of how competent they find themsel ves and their abilities to achieve complex tasks. People with strong self-efficacy are more likely to accept more responsibility and accept more challenging tasks. They also believe that no obstacles can get in the way from stopping them achieve their goals. Individuals with low self-efficacy are more apt to looking as difficult tasks as intimidating and do not believe they that are capable of achieving personal success. Self-efficacy is something that is important in any multinational organization. However, it is more important at any multinational organization to hire individuals who have a High level of self-efficacy so that employee perceives themselves capable of achieving many complex tasks. This could prove to be an issue within the multinational organization because individuals could become bored or feel not challenged by the tasks designated in their position, which could lead to frustration for the employees and employer. Hence, Challenging tasks should be given to such individuals. An individual with moderate level of self-efficacy provides opportunity for the multinational organization to designate tasks to that are challenging, but also still attainable. It is good to hire large no. of employees of this category. Hence, multinational organization is using it to compare the self efficacy of the person with job requirements so that right person will be put at right place. This can be done in the following ways:- 1) An individual with moderate level of self-efficacy provides opportunity for the organization to designate tasks to that are challenging, but also still attainable. It is good to hire large no. of employees of this category. 2) The individuals with low self-efficacy can pose a problem for any multinational organization as they might hinder the productivity and success of the organization. Hence, in order to ensure more confident and driven individuals, it could moderately delegate more difficult tasks to these individuals in order to boost their confidence and the way they perceive themselves. Also, they could provide more positive feedback in their jobs and reinforce that the individual is doing well at their job. Leadership Model It is a model that suggests that leaders develop different relationships with each of their subordinates only through work related activities. There are two important groups to consider that a subordinate may fall under depending on which phase they fit into. The in group is defined as a low number of subordinates with high LMX relationships. The second group is known as the out group in which the number of subordinates is large and contains relatively low level LMX relationships (Hellriegel 323). Employees who find themselves in the out-group are likely to face high job turnover. This should be important to all management because high turnover is a very large investment for the multinational organization. The level of LMX has a significant relationship to subordinates satisfaction with their manager. Employees with lower LMX are more dissatisfied, less motivated, and more prone to quit whereas employees with higher LMX are likely to be satisfied with their work, more motivated, and committed to staying and contributing to the multinational organization (Hellriegel 323). LMX has three critical components which are mutual affection, contribution to work activities, and professional respect. When a subordinate has high mutual affection for a superior, the subordinate likes the superior as a person and will often come to the superior’s defense if attacked. High contribution to work activities comes into play when a subordinate goes above and beyond their job description to help the superior out. High Professional Respect is when the superior admires the subordinate’s knowledge and competence of the job (Hellriegel 323). Multinational companies are widely using it in the following ways for the betterment of relationship between manager and subordinates in the following ways:- ) It explains that generally if an organization doesn’t take steps to increase the mutual affection score of its staff then they will likely to enter the realm of the out group which could potentially lead to the employee leaving the organization because Why stay at an organization if you’re not happy with your manager? 2) One way management can increase the mutual affectio n is to take a more active role and listen to the complaints of the employees and to take the time to establish supportive and trusting relationships with the employees. ) Another suggestion as per this model might be to engage the staff in team building activities and icebreakers. It can be concluded that if the superiors and managers of any organization are not providing proper support to their staff and then there is need to make a drastic change soon because the organization as a whole could be affected. 4) Some possible solutions from this external factor might include taking the time to reassess what kind of support is needed for staff. One way to do this is anonymous comment cards. Have all the employees fill out comment cards anonymously and identify specific instances where an employee failed to receive support. This must be down anonymously by the employer because the employee might be unwilling to respond for fear of termination. 5) The manager may have a tendency to interact with other employees in an unprofessional manner. The manager can decrease this perception by keeping to policy or by adjusting his/her interactions in front of employees. 6) Management needs to do a better job of developing better relationships with its employees. Some improvement strategies include the use of assertive communication, appropriate communication openness, and constructive feedback with all of the subordinates. Job Characteristics Model The job characteristics model has to do with the idea of increasing the amounts of five job characteristics: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback in a job. This model can be related to any multinational organization and its HRM strategy building since it looks into how well an employee has the opportunity to be motivated to work in the restaurant. It highlights the areas that need work in the restaurant and what the employees enjoy or dislike about working there. It also demonstrates which employees are content with working there for a while and which view it as a stepping stone towards another opportunity that has not yet befallen upon them. The model demonstrates a need for change in the structure of a multinational organization in case it wants to increase their employee’s motivation to continue their work there. Generally, there are two main approaches recommended to superiors for designing/redesigning jobs which are vertical loading and the formation of natural work teams. Vertical loading is when tasks that were considered reserved for management level staff are delegated to all employees. It includes the power to set schedules, decide work methods, breaks, and seek solutions to their own problems. Goal Setting Model Goal setting is a very integral part of any job. Whether you are attempting to better yourself or complete a project, setting goals is one of the most helpful tools to assist you throughout the process. Goal setting can definitely help a business in raising their standards for employees which will end up helping the bottom line. The goal setting model that we used for our survey seems to have a big impact on job performance. According to the model, if employees felt good about the goals they set, they were better at their jobs. It basically consists of five essential pieces must come together in order for the managers to gain benefits of a goal setting program. The first piece is that the person must be knowledgeable about the topic of the specified goal and have the sufficient capacity to attain the goal. The second step is that the person must be committed to the goal, especially if the goal is difficult. The third step is that people need feedback on their goals. According to the text, employees will raise their performance because they are afraid they will have past performance. The forth step is that complex tasks must be broken up into simpler more short term goals so that the goals can be attained. It is stated in the text that employees are more responsive when they know about their progress. The fifth and final piece is to have a situation constraint. One of the most important aspects of a leader is to ensure that employees have the resources to attain their goals and to help eliminate any troubles that may lie in the way. Now to discuss some of the benefits that goal setting can have on performance. According to the Don Hellreigel text, Goal setting motivates individuals to achieve high performance. Some of the benefits stem from developing difficult goals. When it comes to an multinational organization for example a restaurant, such goal setting can be setting goals for a certain dollar amount each table waited on per person. The benefits is that it will motivate people to develop aim to reach goals. It also helps people to focus their attention on goal-relevant action, and encouraging people to develop action plans to reach these goals. Conclusion From the discussion mentioned above by using various models of HRM, it is clear that HRM plays an important role in designing strategy of an multinational organization in all three levels i. e. corporate level, SBU level and operational level. It is clearly shown that how strategy can be derived in all these levels using these models. In the similar way the bath models also give importance to external factors of AMO i. e Ability, Motivation and Opportunity to devise the various strategies of the HRM. (John Purcell,2004) The seven principles filling the strategic gap of HR are as follows:- 1) It tells there must be sufficient employees with desired skill which is also mentioned by Self efficacy model to carry task at multinational organization. 2) There must be enough motivation as explained through job characteristic model to give desired performance. ) There must be opportunities given which is also explained through job characteristic model to perform job. 4) Responsibilities of line manager as explain by the Leadership theory to develop those qualities in their subordinates. 5) Distinction between policies and practices as per job characteristic model is the heart of bath model for better performance. 6) Job enrichment needs to maintain better performance 7) Consistencies in policies for efficiency and effectiv eness. References ? Analoui, F. 1999), Strategic Human Resource Management: Towards Constructing a Choice Model. ? Bagshaw M (2004) â€Å"Is diversity divisive? A positive training approach†, Industrial and Commercial Training 36, 4, 153-157 ? Beer, M. , Spector, B. , Lawrence, P. R. , Mills, D. Q. , Walton, R. E. (1984), A Conceptual View of HRM ? Hellriegel, Don, John W. Slocum. Multinational organizational Behavior. Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning, 3rd edition, 2009. ? John Purcell, Bath Model , University of Bath, 2004 How to cite Hrm Evaluation and Hrm Models, Essay examples

Mass Incarceration Of African Americans Essay Example For Students

Mass Incarceration Of African Americans Essay Many people claim that racism no longer exists; however, the minorities’ struggle with injustice is ubiquitous. Since there is a mass incarceration of African Americans, it is believed that African Americans are the cause of the severe increase of crimes. This belief has been sent out implicitly by the ruling class through the media. The media send out coded messages that are framed in abstract neutral language that play on white resentment that targets minorities. Disproportionate arrest is the result of racial disparities in the criminal justice system rather than disproportion in offenders. The disparities in the sentencing procedure are ascribed to racial discrimination. Because police officers are also biased, people of color are more likely to be investigated than whites. Police officers practice racial profiling to arrest African Americans under situations when they would not arrest white suspects, and they are more likely to stop African Americans and see them as suspicious (Alexander 150-176). In the â€Å"Anything Can Happen With Police Around†: Urban Youth Evaluate Strategies of Surveillance in Public Places,† Michelle Fine and her comrades were inspired to conduct a survey over one of the major social issues how authority figures use a person’s racial identity as a key factor in determining how to enforce laws and how the surveillance is problematic in public space. Fine believes it is critical to draw attention to the reality in why African Americans are being arrested at a much higher rate. This article reflects the ongoing racial issue by focusing on the injustice in treatment by police officers and the youth of color who are victims. This article is successful in being persuasive about the ongoing racial issue by present ing an effective argument through various strategies. In the beginning of the article, Fine used the existing survey reports to support and justify their purpose to perform this survey to strengthen her persuasion. The survey analyzed urban youth’s interactions with authority figures, comprising police, educators, and security guards. This study surveyed 911 New York City urban youth over their experiences with, attitudes toward, and trust of surveillance (Fine 143). Furthermore, telephone interviews were conducted with 36 youth who have experienced severe, negative interactions with police, security guards, or educators. The reports indicate that urban youth proclaim a strong sense of faithlessness and mistrust by adults. Based on the survey reports, although there were about the same rate of African Americans, Latinos, and Whites stopped by the police, there were relatively more youth of color being arrested by the police. Overall, youth of color are more likely to report these adverse attitudes toward authority figures. The data demonstrates that among different races, ethnicities, and genders, youth report highly negative interactions with and mistrust in authority figures. Her argument is strengthened by this evidence. The reports validate that African-Americans and Latino juveniles have the highest rates of negative interactions and mistrust of the police and feel unsafe in their surroundings. The young men mention that there is not much they can do to prevent this injustice and biased treatment, and social profiling is unavoidable. The young men are more likely than the young women to have negative interactions with the police. Nevertheless, there is a high percentage of young women who encounter sexual harassment and abusive language by police. Numerous youth of color mention that the impact of negative interactions with those in authority is to make them feel unwelcome in public sites. Youth who attend small schools report trust in adults and they are more likely to depend on adults for assist ance. Predictors Of Husband To Wife Violence EssayNew York City has some of the worst aspects of the American city when it comes to racial issues. In New York City, people of color have been unconsciously marginalized. Although federal law prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender, race, and national origin, the public policies and urban developers favor the mass of the affluent class. Those who were born into a poor family are less likely to overcome their low social status. The affluent classes are attempting to keep minorities locked into an impoverished political and economic position by using strategies such as discrimination and social profiling. Highly visible examples of black success are essential to the preservation of a racial caste system. Black successor stories provide a belief that anyone, racial identity can be disregarded, can make the best of their lives, if they try hard enough. These stories attempt to demonstrate that race is no longer pertinent. Whereas these stories are actually reinforcing the system of injustice. Those in position of authority use social profiling and â€Å"zero tolerance policies† as a primary tool for enforcing traditional discrimination. In theory, public space welcomes everyone; however, the power structures existed in the society demonstrate a social trend where wealthy people and Caucasians move more freely in public space than minorities. According to this article, youth of color are facing exclusion and barriers to participate in workplace, school, and society, and they are at risk of being marginalized. This may potentially lead up to an avoidable serious racial issue in the future. Those in authority should take further action to ensure that children are protected from racial profiling. Works Cited Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New, 2010. Print. Fine, Michelle, et al. â€Å"Anything Can Happen With Police Around†: Urban Youth Evaluate Strategies Of Surveillance In Public Places. Journal Of Social Issues 59.1 (2003): 141-158. Academic Search Complete. Web. 26 Jan. 2016.

The Jesuits Essay Example For Students

The Jesuits Essay Word Count: 1334 missionaries in America faced many problems, one in particular dealt with relations between the missionaries and the Natives. The letter deals with the treatment of prisoners after a brief military engagement and in addition, attempts by the Jesuits to convert the captured Iroquois. The treatment of the prisoners seems benevolent, compared to the past modus operandi used by the Church to hasten conversion. Furthermore, the letter exemplifies the hypocrisy of the missionaries after the prisoners, willingly, convert. This letter is a perfect of the Counter Reformation, and Churchs attempt to expend its areas of influence as well as to save more souls from the Devil. Furthermore, the content of the letter can be easily proven to be bias towards the Iroquois in order to promote Catholicism. This letter, being one of many, is a part of the Counter-Reformation and serves as propaganda for the Catholic Church. We will write a custom essay on The Jesuits specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The author of the Relations letters, Jerome Lalemant, tells of a victory over the Iroquois. The first paragraph describes how the Algonquins, allies of the French, easily defeat the Iroquois without a single loss of their own. Immediately, the letter seems to embellish the victory of the Algonquins. The Iroquois were one of the most powerful tribes in the French America, possessing a large army of veteran, gun armed, warriors. In fact by 1675, the Iroquois had wiped out or absorbed four tribes, and destroyed most of the Huron country (Eccles, 138). Do to the strength of the Iroquois, it seems unlikely that the Algonquins would have been able to defeat the Iroquois, without inquiring a single loss of their own. In the second paragraph, the Jesuit priest describes the treatment of the captured foe. The author acknowledges that the first action that the Algonquins take, however, is to .return thanks to Heaven. The meaning of that can be interpreted in two ways. The first, is that the Algonquins are going to thank their native Gods. However, since this letter is being written to the Vicar General in France and the Papacy in the Vatican, however, it seems unlikely that Jerome would discuss native offerings. The second interpretation can be that the Algonquins have infact converted to Catholicism.Jerome continues with his observation of the treatment of the captives, by noting that they are not tortured. .instead of the shower of blows wherewith prisoners are usually received, instead of the cutting off of fingers, the pulling out of tendons, and other caresses, for so they call the prisoners first torments, which form the prelude to those that he is made to suffer by fire.(Thwaites, 107). Infact, the Iroquois are taken to the local Chapel, were they urge the captives to receive Baptism, and intone Canticles of devotion in their presence. It seems, that Jerome wishes to establish an image of, savages, as the Europeans called them, becoming pious Catholics. It is doubtful, yet not unrealistic, that the natives have become such dedicated Christians. Furthermore, the natives usually did not turn to Christianity due to the teaching, but rather of the advantages, it gave them. For example, .many Huron turned to Christianity as protection against sickness. In their zeal, priests (Jesuits) were not above using their influence to secure special privileges (firearms) for those who accepted baptism (Parkman, 264). The Iroquois finally agree to be Baptized before they are killed. The priest notes this act as; .the most heroic acts possible on the part of Savages. (Thwaites, 107). The Father considers the offering a chance to become Christian before death, a heroic act. This seems a bit hypocritical, due to the teaching of Ben Joseph (a.k.a. Jesus Christ), which stressed none violence. Jerome Lalemant, points out the animosity between the Huron, Algonquin, and Iroquois tribes, that even those Algonquins and Hurons who believed in Christianity, could not accept the believe that all Christian souls go to the same location. What, my brothers, would you have those people go with us to Paradise? How could we live there in peace? Do you imagine you can make the soul of a Huron agree with that of an Iroquois (Thwaites, 108)? However, it also seems that Jerome views the natives as less than human, even though it was natural to view the native with less regard, however, again it seems hypercritic to rega rd them as less human, even after the show of such pious Christianity. .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a , .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .postImageUrl , .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a , .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a:hover , .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a:visited , .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a:active { border:0!important; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a:active , .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3cb32729c91ac3258047a9f424c9610a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Roosevelts Conservation and Consumer Protection EssayIn the fourth paragraph, the Jesuit priest claims that the Iroquois accept the teachings of Christianity with open hearts and souls.In addition, he adds that they exclaimed, How fortunate for us, that he who made Heaven and Earth, and who has no need of us, saved our lives. (Thwaites, 109). However, in the fifth paragraph, Jerome acknowledges that, these poor prisoners knew not what to think of such marvels; they were bewildered, and their last songs, which they call death-songs, were only upon the life Everlasting (Thwaites, 109). It seems ironic, that the people who only a short time before that accepted Christianity w ith open hearts, were now bewildered and confused. Furthermore, the Iroquois obviously believed that their lives were being spared, however, the Iroquois were tricked. Instead of being burned at the stakes like gentiles, however, the prisoners were dispatched with muskets. It seems obvious that the Iroquois believed that by converting to Christianity, however, their lives would be spared. However, not all the prisoners were executed, one of the Iroquois had Huron lineage, and was spared, this seems due to the fact that the French and Huron had an alliance. The Catholic Encyclopedia states that, force, violence, or fraud may not be employed to bring about the conversion of an unbeliever. Such means would be sinful (Vatican, 479). However, the Counter-Reformation was in full affect, and the use of torture, force, or fraud seemed a perfectly acceptable means of conversion as is exemplified in this letter. In paragraph seven, Jerome Lalemant claims that those take prisoners by the Iroqu ois are not treated this graciously. However, Jerome states that the Christians have the last laugh, since the infidels will spend eternity in either Purgatory or suffering in Hell. Furthermore, Jerome supports his believe by the brave actions of three Hurons who, a short time before the letter was written, were burned by the Agniee. Father Jerome claims that the three Hurons saved their souls, by uttering amid the flames, I am going to Heaven, which he claims they chanted with such ardor as to charm even their executioners. Furthermore, Jerome believes that their martyrdom served as an example to the executioners of how powerful Christianity is. It seems ironic that before the death of these three Hurons, prior to their death, were encouraged by Father Helene to meet their death with firmness in the possession of the Faith. This letter seems to be more of propaganda than a report. Infact, the mission reports, Relations Letters, were sent to the Propaganda, the Roman Congregation overseeing all missionary activity. It seems ironic the name of the Congregation, that received letters from around the world from their missionaries would be called Propaganda. Furthermore, the letter was published, and in the interest of spreading Catholic sentiments during the Counter-Reformation, however, for that reason the letters were reviewed in Paris and were edited. In conclusion, it seems that Father Jerome Lalemant seems to present ironic situations, most likely in order to please the Vicar General as well as the Propaganda Council. Some of the actions and relations seem embellished and exaggerated. Although the letter contains certain uncertainties, however, the letter does provide a case study of the relations between the European and native governments, relations between native tribes, attempt at pro-Catholic prop aganda, and the affects the Counter-Reformation had on religious policies towards the New World.

Utilitarianism on extra marital sex Essays

Utilitarianism on extra marital sex Essays Utilitarianism on extra marital sex Paper Utilitarianism on extra marital sex Paper Essay Topic: Utilitarianism The negative association with sex outside of marriage arises due to the many consequences it could have; such as the broken trust that follows due to the violation of the vows taken inferno of God. With infidelity that has been committed by the women brings uncertainty on who the father is of any offspring this is frowned upon as men do not want to spend money and time on children that are not theirs. Also sex outside of marriage can also spread disease to the innocent which could cause physical and emotional pain. Utilitarianism only asks whether sexual behavior will cause harm or give pleasure: if, on balance, it produces more pleasure than harm, then its good. This isnt an excuse for wholesale rape and promiscuity; you have to think of your own pleasure, but also your partners and everybody else who would be affected. This is known as the harm principle and it rules out rape, adultery in most cases and other harmful, coercive or deceitful sexual behaviors. Jeremy Bantams writings on the law of marriage are firmly based on the principle of utility, the greatest happiness principle, which asserts that all human actions are motivated by a wish to avoid pain and gain pleasure. Beneath placed sexual love, which he described as physical sire, in the category of self-regarding motives for human behavior, along with pecuniary interest, love of power, and self preservation. Therefore in the course of drafting a utilitarian law of marriage Beneath set out an explanation of the pleasures and pains of sexual love. His discussions led him far beyond the confines of legal marriage and into the realm of what would today be described as gender relations. These might be homosexual, heterosexual, monogamous or otherwise, within or outside of marriage. Bantams views on sex and the principle of utility are dad particularly clear when he writes about wives, prostitutes and mistresses, and it was in this context that Beneath made his radical suggestion for short-term marriages. Utilitarianism is seen as a liberal approach to sexual ethics and those who are liberal beings would believe this to be the best approach for them However it is still difficult in practice to measure if the pleasure outweighs the pain and who directly gets hurt. The utilitarian approach is too liberal and allows for the slippery slope effect to take place where anything could in affect be Justified by stating that he greatest happiness is being maximized. A Christian approach to extra marital sex such as natural law will have a more rigid and stricter approach. The majority of churches today follow biblical principles, encouraging marriage as the right environment for sex. The Roman Catholic Church gives clear teaching on this: every genital act must be within the framework of marriage. If people do not follow this then they do not reach their full potential and reach demimondaine. Sex outside of marriage is forbidden. This allows people to make clear decisions when considering pinion this is the best approach as since the sexual revolution of the sasss, Britain has witnessed increased numbers of teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Fixed moral and religious rules would have prevented these problems. Utilitarianism is not an appropriate approach to extra marital sex as it is too liberal and can allow the potential for abuse. Sex is a sacred activity which should take place in the commitment of marriage; during a marriage ceremony, Anglicans vow with my body I thee worship.

Animal Farm and Fascism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal Farm and Fascism - Essay Example During the times when the lower sector was going through wrong reasoning also the vanguard party suffered. (Ball pg 167) likewise in the novel, as the farms tracts down to a more totalitarian form of state, Napoleon becoming the leader kicks out Snowball by power and force becoming "our leader, Comrade Napoleon" (Orwell pg 93). This way the novel is showing Stalins way of communist governance, where power lies with the one in leadership. Also the way Napoleon rooted out Snowball is similar to Stalins behavior towards Trotsky and his other political rivals. Fascism also requires a very bold, strong and courageous leader. An example of such great fascist leader is Hitler and Mussolini. The way people in Italy had this firm faith that Mussolini was always correct. In the same way Boxer believed that Napoleon was always justified throughout the novel (Ball pg 201). In the course of the novel Napoleon is given a lot of importance. He is the leader, the head of the entire farm. He is always protected by furious dogs. Therefore it clearly shows that animals idolize him as noble and superior. This is also one of the similarities regarding the two ideologies in the book. Terror and propaganda are used in the novel to show Stalins communist and fascist ideologies together. Stalin tried to impose the era of terror in which purges were used. He also used arts to increase interstate propaganda (ball0 pg 166-167). This was also used by fascist states like Hitler made use of brown-shirts and defined characteristics of inferior races (Ball pg 204-205). Squealer used digits to manipulate the animals in order to convince them that they were in a better state by having pigs as their leaders. Also Napoleon kicks Snowball out before he executed in general masses other traitors (Orwell pg 53; 83). It is not easy to clearly differentiate between fascism or communism when it comes to

Boutique Law Firm and Title Company in Hohenwald Tennessee Research Paper

Boutique Law Firm and Title Company in Hohenwald Tennessee - Research Paper Example James Mark has a passion for the law and is comfortable with the real estate aspects of it. Specifically title searches, which forms the genealogy of land ownership. As a starting company, Syndicate Law firm will forecast its revenue. Revenue forecast is the amount of money calculated that Syndicate firm expects to receive from its sales. It is almost impossible to predict the yearly revenues of Syndicate Company precisely. It is critically crucial for Syndicate to develop a revenue budget of high quality. Managers of Syndicate will spend their time to assess the condition of the market, conduct analysis and negotiate with superiors to set the revenue expectations. This is possible for the company by setting aggressive but achievable targets. Therefore, revenue forecast plays a crucial in the present economies. It helps Syndicate understand how programs of the company affect the levels of domestic income. It also offers insight into the company’s economic health in the long-te rm and short-term (â€Å"Idaho real estate: practice & law†, 2002). Consequently, revenue forecast is crucial because it enables the managers of Syndicate to re-adjust the company’s annual budget. Adjustments are based on the company’s cash inflow’s estimate and keep off a large deficit of the budget. Syndicate budget team typically performs the procedures of revenue forecast at the end of a financial year. Consequently, the activities of revenue forecast affect the social expenditure and investment of infrastructure that Syndicate Company can develop over a financial year. For instance, when the estimates of revenue decrease, it causes the managers of Syndicate to reduce some of the social programs or even raise sales. Success The Syndicate Law firm will achieve its success by setting goals. Setting goals is part of the Syndicate’s planning process. The managers establish financial and non-financial goals for longer and shorter term. When Syndicat e Law firm has goals in place, it will help the management team to focus on the operational steps it needs to take and the resources needed to meet the target. When Syndicate Company meets non-financial goals, the possibility of meeting the financial target such as profitability and revenues becomes possible. Some of the non-financial goals include customer satisfaction, planning and reporting systems, employee and training development, policies and procedures, long-range vision, and community involvement. On the other hand, some of the financial goals that Syndicate Company needs to achieve include revenue and profitability. The major success of Syndicate Company is to keep their clients satisfied. This offers the chance for repeat business. When a customer is satisfied, they are likely to tell their associates about their experience. Therefore, if Syndicate Company sells to other companies, the endorsement from clients is crucial to close a sale with a new client. Also, the manage rs will create business plans for the company to table to perspective investors, which serve the company as a guide. When Syndicate grows, their planning process also grows. The growth includes the regular gathering of information on competitive activities and comparing the actual outcomes to forecast figures on a quarterly basis. Another success of the Syndicate Law Firm is its revenue growth and its expansion. Revenue growth and expansion creates

Diagnosing Depression In Ethnic Minority Groups Social Work Essay

Diagnosing Depression In Ethnic Minority Groups Social Work Essay The essay title is curious and could be interpreted in a number of ways. Firstly, it invites me to decide whether the essay should be from the perspective of a client, or the therapist, or both. I have chosen to present the essay from the point of view that it is the client who is a member of an ethnic minority group. Perhaps what drew me to this title over the others is of personal significance, being from a multicultural family and having lived and worked in countries in the Far East and West Africa where culture and society is vastly different to that of the UK. Essentially, I have experienced being an ethnic minority member in the opposite context and hence was eager to explore the essay from a clients perspective in the UK. I chose to focus on depression rather than psychosis, as I was less aware of current research linking ethnicity to depression and felt this would balance out my motivations and be beneficial for my development as a trainee. As for the content, I will begin with a discussion on what is meant by an ethnic minority group and by the term depression. I will then present my view of how ethnicity affects the diagnostic process, initiated with a brief health warning about the implications of racial stereotyping. Following this I will focus on presentation of symptoms and the formulation process of depression. The second half of the essay will be about the treatment process, looking closely at the influence of ethnicity on help-seeking behaviour and psychological treatments. Finally I will end the essay with a reflective account containing my thoughts about finishing the essay and a conclusion. What is an ethnic minority group? When translated literally, the term ethnicity means people or nation (i.e. ethnos; Franklin, 1983). Senior Bhopal (1994) highlight that is now used as a variable to describe health data. On closer inspection, the concept of ethnicity is not simple or easy to understand. Firstly, ethnic minority status does not account for changes over time and context. There are also many different terms used for groups. McKenzie Crowcroft (1996) highlight a good example of this: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a Black Baptist born in the UK whose parents were born in Jamaica might be called Afro-Caribbean, black British, of Caribbean origin UK born, West Indian, and of course, Jamaican. Furthermore, ethnic categorization does not inform us of whether the individual is of first or second generation descent, not to mention the migrant status of the individual. Given our multicultural climate, the meaning of ethnicity is a source of continuing debate and is also likely to change with national trends and politics. For example, the Irish have only recently be recognized as an ethnic minority in the UK. Although the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) has advised that ethnicity should be self-identified, this does not always happen in the process of research. McKenzie Crowcroft (1996) point out that this leaves many researchers in the position of assigning membership of an ethnic minority group on an informal basis in order to have comparable data. Indeed, defining an ethnic minority group is problematic due to the lack of consensus. Despite these issues it was necessary for me to attach myself to a concrete definition for the purpose of this essay. Furthermore, I have selected a particular ethnic minority group (African-Caribbeans) when specific examples are needed. The definition I am following regarding an ethnic minority group is: Those with a cultural heritage distinct from the majority population (Manthorpe Hettiaratchy, 1993). What is Depression? Depression is a term used both clinically and in everyday discourse (Valente, 1994) to describe a host of unpleasant feelings which people experience, ranging from a low mood to describing a situational feeling (Keller Nesse, 2005). When depression is considered clinically significant is it quite different from the common experiences just narrated. A person may be diagnosed with clinical depression if they are experiencing depressed mood or loss of interest and pleasure plus at least five other adverse feelings during a two-week period or longer (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychological Association, 2000). When depression is at its worst, it can make people withdraw from ordinary pleasures and concentration may become very poor. Some people with depression report a sense of hopelessness and can experience suicidal feelings or ideations as a result (APA, 2000). Clinical depression can occur alongside different disorders and be multifaceted in its presentation (e.g. Akiskal et al., 2005). It is probably fair to say depression does not occur in every country across the world in the way we view it in the West. Other cultures may label it as something different. For example, Kleinman (1980, as cited in Bentall, 2003) found Western depression and a Chinese condition called Neurasthenia to be the same thing, although expressed in different ways. Given this, I question how useful our depression label is. This essay is however, directed by the title and the focus of this essay will therefore follow the DSM-IV-TR definition of depression. According to the Office for National Statistics clinical depression is experienced by 10% of the British Population at any one time. Depression is a diagnosis of increasing popularity, and was once referred to as the common cold of psychiatry (Seligman, 1975 as cited in Hawton et al., 2000). It is estimated that there are over 6 million people in England alone who are designated as from minority ethnic groups (Department of Health (DoH), 2003). Much of our current knowledge of depression in UK African-Caribbean people relies on limited research showing inconsistent results. I feel such statistics often lead to misdiagnosis, as clinicians are informed by research and policy. In order to avoid statistical discrimination I have therefore not included any data displaying suggested prevalence rates of depression in this population. Chakraborty McKenzie (2002) points out that early studies were criticized for methodological problems, but argues that more recent studies have attempted to advocate more rigorous methodology. More recent studies tend to suggest a high prevalence of depression in African-Caribbean populations (e.g. Nazroo, 1997 as cited in Chakraborty McKenzie, 2002). Interestingly, it is also thought that depression is underecognised and undertreated in African- Caribbeans, especially in primary care (Ahmed Bhugra, 2006). To what extent is membership of an ethnic minority group influential in the process of diagnosis of people experiencing depression? In the recent Inside Outside UK national initiative (Department of Health, 2003) a well-established link between health care disparities and ethnicity is claimed and structures are recommended which target this. I question the wider implications of producing such documents as it appears to suggest people should be viewed differently according to their ethnic status. As Lewis-Fernandez Diaz (2002) rightly point out, even people who share the same ethnic minority status can differ, as ethnic groups are culturally heterogeneous. As noted above, membership of an ethnic group is not a static thing and there are vast differences within an ethnic group as well as outside of it. I can relate to this as I often have difficulties when completing the ethnic status box on equal opportunities forms. Although I would class myself as white-British my father is Italian-American and my mother is Swiss, hence I have four passports. I normally choose to categorize myself as British however this someti mes changes to white-other or white-American depending on where I have been living. In my experience, I feel the desire to categorize people in society outweighs the usefulness of doing so. Given the increasingly multicultural climate of the UK it may not always be accurate to state that white people are of the dominant origin however statistically that is currently the case. This means that the relatively recent surge in interest and attention on differences of ethnic groups in mental health is often taken from an essentialist perspective (Giles Middleton, 1999), where differences are observed from my or our perspective. Claims made in research detailing differences between ethnic groups also encourage categorizing of individuals, which simply creates an othering between groups. Othering has been explained as a way to serve and mark those thought to be different from oneself (Weis, 1995 as cited in Grove Zwi, 2005). There is a concern for me that by focusing on the differences between African-Caribbeans and whites, or any other ethnic minority simply serves to reinforce the idea of racial differences and segregation. Institutional racism is a form of discrimination, which stems from the notion that groups should be treated differently according to phenotypic difference (McKenzie, 1999). It has been suggested that it is widespread in the UK (Modood et al., 1997). It seems to me that if we are to eliminate racial disparities in mental health care; concordant with the aims of the recent Department of Health initiative (2003), we all need to look at the way we are talking and presenting our ideas around this. For the reasons just discussed I will now attempt to present a view that is balanced and allows disparities of depression in African-Caribbean people to be seen in a relational context. Whilst I will describe potential areas of difference, the aim is not to stereotype people according to their ethnicity. Presentation The bodily styles of experiencing and expressing distress may be different for some people of African-Caribbean origin living in the UK than people from other ethnic backgrounds. Some studies suggest they experience and present more somatic symptoms of depression, e.g. headaches, achy limbs (Comino et al, 2001). Comino and colleagues also contend that idioms of distress differ linguistically and can take the form of cultural metaphors. If clinicians do not recognize these symptoms as signs of distress I imagine some clients may be left feeling quite frustrated. For us, as therapists, this does make the process of diagnosis more complex. An awareness of the possibility of somatic presentations, with a view to enquiring about the clients understanding of them seems helpful. A unique approach for the assessment and understanding of somatic symptoms of depression and idioms of distress has been developed (Lewis-Fernandez Diaz, 2002). There have also been attempts at identifying the core symptoms of depression across different ethnic groups, although the last one is most probably outdated now. In their large cross-cultural study, Jablensky et al., (1981 as cited in Bhugra Ayonrinde, 2004) found nine common international symptoms of depression; sadness, joylessness, anxiety, tension, lack of energy, loss of interest, poor concentration and ideas of insufficiency, inadequacy and worthlessness. Perhaps doing more studies like this could help in us developing a more universal approach to symptom recognition. Despite the evidence, I do believe that symptom presentation of depression can vary for a number of reasons completely unrelated to an individuals ethnic minority status. Children were once considered a difficult and under diagnosed population as they often present with somatic symptoms (e.g. failure to make expected weight gains in very young children; Carson Cantwell, 1980) which makes it difficult to diagnose. Subsequently, rating scales and measures have been devised which are appropriate for different age groups and enable a conventional diagnosis to be made (Goodyer, 2001). People living with HIV may also present somatic symptoms of depression. Kalichman et al., (2000) suggest available methods for distinguishing overlapping symptoms should be utilised when assessing such individuals. It seems obvious to me that we have to adapt standard methods of recognizing depressive symptoms when dealing with the diversity that naturally occurs in human beings. Language is also thought to be a potential barrier (e.g. Unutuzer, 2002) in the diagnostic process of depression. African-Caribbean people may not always speak clear English but speak multiple local languages or with an accent. Whilst I know this happens, I could not find any research investigating the percentages of African-Caribbean people in the UK and their language abilities. This so-called barrier could therefore be perceived rather than actual; however I will briefly discuss methods to work with this in the clinical context. As stated in the aforementioned Inside Outside document (2003) mental health services now aim to be culturally capable, which includes tackling difficulties with language. There is no doubt in my mind that communication is a key element in diagnosis, and I know from personal experience that not being able to communicate in a locally understood language can cause people to feel isolated. Thus, ensuring language access for people who speak a language other t han English through appropriate interpreting/translating services is crucial. However, I do feel that this parallels a need for people who have other difficulties with language. For example, I am sure it can be difficult to identify depression in individuals who have suffered severely dehabilitating strokes or physical injuries where speech is severely impaired. My point is that there are an array of factors which influence the way people talk about their difficulties and how they are understood by clinicians. Not being able to speak the English language in a clear English accent is simply one of those factors. I feel the issue raised here is more related to how we work with diversity rather than how we work with ethnicity. Formulation As a trainee clinical psychologist involved in the diagnostic process of depression I am also concerned with the formulation process and how this is affected. The beliefs people have about the nature and causes of depression do differ between cultures. For example, Bhugra et al., (1997) identified some African and Asian cultures view depression as part of lifes ups and downs, rather than a treatable condition. From this perspective, many psychological models which aid us in understanding depression can account for the differing beliefs and experiences of people. For example, the Cognitive model of depression (Beck, 1967, 1976) suggests that peoples early experiences lead people to form beliefs or schemata about themselves and the world. These assumptions are thought to cause negative automatic thoughts which perpetuate symptoms of depression on five different levels; behavioural, motivational, affective, cognitive and somatic. Despite this model being quite flexible at face value, ho wever, the negative cognitive triad (Beck, 1976) is directed by the beliefs and experiences of the individual. This may not fit in with those from more collectivist cultures. Indeed, we know that social networks often play an important part in the belief systems of ethnic minority members (Bhugra Ayonrinde, 2004). Therefore, thinking more systemically may be particularly useful when considering individuals from ethnic minority groups. However, we do need to be cautious in making assumptions about what beliefs people from ethnic minorities have. There is a danger that in doing so, we may be able to formulate quicker but may also cause considerable distress to the client. I recently attended a mental health awareness course as part of my placement where an African Caribbean service user came to talk to us about her experiences of being in the mental health system. She described her first traumatic admission to hospital after a close suicide attempt at the age of nineteen. She told us it was persistently assumed by mental health staff that she had attempted suicide because she did not understand or fit in with the predominantly white community in her area. She told us how upset and misunderstood this made her feel, as this was not the case at all. On reflection, this highlights the importance of service-user feedback in clinical practice. The question I see appearing with regards is how we as clinicians in the UK can best explore the beliefs, experiences and background of the multicultural population we are working with in order to diagnose appropriately. As Fernandez Diaz rightly point out, to do this we need a systematic method for eliciting and evaluating cultural information in the clinical encounter (Lewis-Fernandez Diaz, 2002). There is a paucity of information debating ways to take this forward and models to encapsulate these ideas are currently being developed and tested in the USA. One such model is the Cultural Formulation model (Lewis-Fernandez Diaz, 2002), which is an expansion on the depression guidelines, published in the DSM-IV-TR. This innovative model consists of five components; assessing cultural identity, cultural explanations of the illness, cultural factors related to the psychosocial environment and levels of functioning, cultural elements of the clinician-client relationship and the overall impact of culture on diagnosis and care. I find this model very inclusive as it can still elicit very useful information about culturally-based norms, values and behaviours even when there is no ethnic difference between the clinician and the client. Whilst cultural differences exist within an ethnic group, they are not necessarily ethnicity-bound. For example, they can equally be associated with an individuals age, gender, socioeconomic status, educational background, family status and wider social network (Ahmed Bhugra, 2006). If this is the case, then I would say that it is important for clinicians to have a very exploratory and curious approach when assessing and diagnosing an individual in a mental health service, whether they are from an ethnic minority or not. To what extent is membership of an ethnic minority group influential in the process of treatment of people experiencing depression? Some people with depression get better without any treatment. However, living with depression can be challenging as it impacts many areas of an individuals life including relationships, employment, and their physical health. Therefore, many people with depression do try some form of treatment. This process usually begins at primary care level and then a collaborative decision is made between the patient and the clinician as to what treatment suits them best. It has been suggested that Africa-Caribbean people are less tolerant to antidepressant medication than whites (Cooper et al., 1993). Therefore this section of this essay will focus on the process of psychological treatments of depression. Treatments vary and have altered radically with the growing use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which is based on the scientist-practitioner model and routinely offers outcome data (Whitfield Whitefield, 2003). In CBT, and in the majority of other talking therapies, treatment usually involves seeing a therapist for a number of sessions on a regular basis. Seeking help There appear to be two main potential barriers when it comes to the treatment of depressed clients from ethnic minorities. Firstly, the help-seeking behaviours of African-Caribbean and other ethnic minority groups have attracted considerable attention in the research domain. Members of the African-Caribbean population are thought to be less likely to seek professional treatment for psychological distress (e.g. Bhui et al., 2003). Whilst reading a mountain of papers listing reasons why the help-seeking behaviour of people from ethnic minorities is so different, a few ideas sprung to my mind. From my own experience when people are very depressed they may struggle to get motivated and make less use of the support available to them. Moreover, I wonder whether one it is a possibility that African-Caribbeans do not approach services as much because of negative experiences of the UK mental health system. I recall seeing an elderly Jamaican gentleman for an assessment last year whilst working as an Assistant in a Clinical Health department. Following the very limited referral information I had, I elicited his ideas about what brought him to our service. He told me that he had felt unable to cope with his low mood and intrusive thoughts for some while, however he did not feel able to seek help because a family member of his had been treated unfairly by mental health staff before. Perhaps the reasons for people not acc essing treatment are simpler than we think. In their study of reasons for exclusion of African-Caribbean people in mental health services, Mclean et al., (2003) found the types of interactions between staff and patients strongly associated with disparities in treatment. They encourage positive, non-judgmental interactions as the first step on the path to social inclusion of mental health services (Mclean et al., 2003). Their study reminded me of a report I read recently on placement about the Circles of Fear (Salisbury Centre for Mental Health, 2002). Essentially, this report stipulates that people from ethnic minorities tend to have a more negative experience of the mental health system. People may then fear the consequences of becoming involved with it and avoid contact. This leads me to believe that we (the health service) are very much part of the reason why such individuals may not seek help. Geography may also be a reason for varying help-seeking behaviour. People living in rural areas are thought to be at risk of facing isolation and discrimination in mental health treatment (Barry et al., 2000). I do think there is something valuable about looking at populations which services are not reaching. However, it has just struck me that writing about the help-seeking behaviour of people can come across as quite blaming and puts the responsibility very much with the individual. Whatever the reason, if minority members are less likely to get appropriate care, I feel the focus should be on how to engage different members of society in effective care for depression. Fortunately, depressed people who fail to seek help for treatment can often be identified and treated in general medical settings (Shulberg et al., 1999). One study also suggests that the majority of people who are depressed do want help, regardless of their ethnicity (Dwight-Johnson et al., 1997). What I find particu larly interesting is that the desire for help seems to be related to the severity of the depression in precedence of their ethnic minority status. Thus it appears that ethnicity, severity of depression, geographical location, previous experiences with the mental health system and beliefs about what help is available all influence help-seeking behaviour. Psychological Treatment The second claimed difficulty in the treatment of African-Caribbean people who are depressed is poor attendance rates and incompletion of treatment (Bhugra Ayonrinde, 2004). There are also claims that African-Caribbean people are more likely to experience a poorer outcome from treatment. Given that the search for a biological cause for disparities in treatment success rates has not been fruitful we must turn our focus to other explanations. For example, we now know that the relationship between the therapist and client is a key component of treatment outcome (Hovarth Greenberg, 1994). As such, I am going to focus on those explanations which link to the therapeutic alliance. There are few empirical studies which explore how ethnic differences affect the therapeutic alliance and these have consisted mostly of client preferences. Cultural unfamiliarity may act as interference to some African-Caribbean people staying in psychological treatment (Davidson, 1987). In their study of secondary school students, Uhlemann et al., (2004) looked at how being an ethnic minority therapist affected relationships in a counselling setting. They found ethnic minority counsellors were perceived more favorably than white-Caucasian counsellors. Most students believed therapists were less able to understand or empathize with them if the therapist was ethnically different. In another study Coleman et al., (1995) surveyed studies comparing ethnic minority clients preferences of therapists, being ethnically similar or ethnically dissimilar. They found that in most cases clients preferred therapists of similar ethnic background, particularly those with strong cultural attachments. I acknowledge that this may be something to be aware of as a therapist; however I do not think this in itself would put people off psychological treatment. It might be useful for us as therapists to address this issue and to do so early on in the treatment process. One way of doing this could be to address any obvious ethnic differences and explore together how it may affect the given relationship. This may also help the process of understanding which is deemed very important in strengthening the therapeutic alliance. Whilst this is something I will try and be aware of in my practice, I also feel it is important to present this discussion in a realistic and in context. From my experience as a trainee, the age and amount of experience a therapist is far more valuable and influential than the ethnic status of a therapist. One lady I saw recently had difficulty accepting me as her therapist for the simple fact that she worried about how much I would be able to help her in comparison to a qualified clinical psychologist. There was also an ethnic difference between us but this was did not cause her concern. Similarly, Coleman et al., (1995) asked clients individuals in their study to list the characteristics of a competent therapist in order of importance. Sure enough, they found that people placed ethnic similarity below that of other characteristics such as educational ability, maturity, gender, personality and attitude. I think this illuminates just how important it is for us to tailor the treatment process to the individual needs and concerns of the client. Is a more holistic approach to psychological treatment of depression the answer? I do wonder whether CBT, the current preferred model of treatment, will soon lose its popularity. The somewhat prescriptive nature of CBT for depression may mean the varying needs of people in our multicultural climate are not being met. Rather than creating new and separate treatment models or services for ethnic minority clients, perhaps we should be embracing ones which encourage clients to lead the treatment. One model I find demonstrates this is the Recovery model. Recovery from mental illness is seen as a personal journey and the unique experiences of each individual are valued and explored (Jacobson Greenley, 2001). Treatment using this model works around helping the client gain hope, a secure base, supportive relationships, empowerment, social inclusion, coping skills, and finding meaning to their experiences. Although used more with individuals experiencing major mental health problems, I think the principles are very inclusive and useful for the treatment of any mental health problem, including depression. Of course, I have only touched upon one model and there are many more which embrace individual differences. Reflective statement As a current trainee on my adult mental health placement, I cannot pretend that I am able to provide an objective nor extensively experienced view. I am also aware that I am at the beginning of my first placement, in a service which very much promotes recovery from mental illness through understanding the individual rather than categorically through their psychiatric label. Whilst this may have had an influence over my stance towards the essay topic, I have witnessed the positive effects in my clinical work of not categorizing people and feel that this has indicated some valid concerns. Upon finishing this essay it came to mind that that the buoyancy of the essay may be a reflection of the ideas and questions I have been grappling with as part of my practice on placement. However, these ideas are by no means a closed deal and I continue to work with them in an applied context. Furthermore, I acknowledge that had I chosen to present this essay assuming that it was the therapist who was a member of an ethnic minority, my essay and conclusions may be very different. How will writing this essay affect my practice as a Trainee Clinical psychologist? I do feel we are in a contentious situation. If we treat people differently according to any issue of diversity we run the risk of perpetuating institutional racism. On the other side of the coin, if we work with everybody in exactly the same way and try and fit people in to Eurocentric systems then we run the risk of ignoring important cultural differences. What I will take from this is the importance of being sensitive to peoples backgrounds and experiences and investigation of what makes them who they are. I will definitely attempt to bring more flexibility, curiosity and receptiveness to my practice and acknowledge when there is a noticeable difference between myself and the client in the therapeutic setting. Conclusion In conclusion, membership of an ethnic minority group may influence the diagnosis and treatment process in how people experience depression, present to services and possibly how they proceed with psychological treatments. If we are to diagnose and treat depression through a Euro centric lens, we should be embracing the use of models which allow for cultural diversity in the diagnosis and treatment of depression. However, as I hope I have demonstrated in my writing, no two people in a therapeutic setting will ever be exactly the same. So how useful is it to continually focus on ethnic differences when they are just one drop in the ocean of diversity? Perhaps instead we need a shift in the dominant discourses surrounding ethnic differences in mental health? The real challenge I think we face is understanding how the identity of the individual contributes to the diagnosis and treatment of depression.